TUGAS RISET AKUNTANSI BAB 9 ( BUKU UMA SEKARAN)

CHAPTER 9

1. Briefly describe the difference between attitude rating scales and ranking scales and indicate when the two are used.

Answer : Now that we know the four different types of scales that can be used to measure the operationally defined dimensions and elements of a variable, it is neccessary to examin the methods of scaling to elicit the attitudinal responses of subjects toward objects, events, or persons. Rating scale ave several response categories and are used to elicit responses with regard to the object, event, or person studied. Ranking scale, on the other hand, make comparisons between or among objects, events, or persons and elicit the preferred choices and ranking among them.

2. Why is it important to establish the ‘goodness’ of measures and how is this done ?

Anwer : The goodness of measures is established through the different kinds of validity and reability. The result of any research can only be as good as the measures that tap the consepts in the theoretical framework. We need to use well-validated and realiable measures to ensure that we engage in scientific research.

3. Construct a semantic differential scale to assess the properties of a particular brand of coffe or tea.

Answer : Several bipolar attributes are identified at the extremes of the scale, and respondents are asked to indicate their attitudes, on what may be called a semantic space, toward a particular individual, object, or event on each of the attributes. The bipolar adjectives used, for instance, would denote such terms as : Hot – Cold. The semantic differential scale is used to assess respondents attidutes toward a particular brand.

4. “Whenever possible, it is advisable to use instruments that have already been developed and repeatly used in published studies, rather than developed our own imstruments for our studies.” Do you agree? Discuss the reason for your answer.

Answer : We are not agree, because if we are not able to develop the instrument, so we can not get new experience, and dependence with the available instruments. It is better if we use our instruments so that we able to learn new things.

5. “A valid instruments is always reliable, but a reliable instruments may not always be valid.” Comment on this statement.

Answer : I think i agree with this statement because a valid instrument it means fact and always realiable instrument maybe it’s issue . so it is always be valid. Although this statement have to same substance word (realiable and valid) but they have different means.

Nama Kelompok :

1.Anang Hermanto ( 20207098 )

2.Bondan Untoro ( 20207216 )

3.Hendra Hidayat ( 20205573 )

4.Mahensal Ifnu Prabowo ( 20207682 )

5.Mohammad Wisnu Prabowo ( 20207725 )

Kelas : 3 EB 12

Jurusan : SI EKONOMI AKUNTANSI

TUGAS RISET AKUNTANSI BAB 8 ( BUKU UMA SEKARAN)

CHAPTER 8

1. What is meant by operational definition and way is it necessary ?

Answer : Operationalizing, or operationally defining a concept, to render it measurable, is done by looking at the behavioral demensions, facets or properties denoted by the concept,Because will help to illustrate how this is done.

2. Operationally define the following :

Answer :

a. Sexual harassment is both simple and complex, it is simple because it is defined as unwelcome sexual behavior by one person against another person againt another person. It is complex because it can involve behaviors that in other contexts are considered positive and reaffirming

b. Diversity-positive environment is about a achievement motivation likely,driven by work,unable to relax, impatience with inerfectiveness,seeks moderate challenge,seeks feed back

c. Career Success means different things to different people. For some, monetary reward is a measure of success. Yet others have multiple definition of success.

3. Describe the four types of scales.

Answer :

a. Nominal scale is one that allows the researcher to assign subjects to certain categories or groups

b. Ordinal scale not only categorizes the variables in such a way as to denote differences among the various categories, it also rank-orders the categories in some meaningful way.

c. Interval scale an inverval scale allows us to perform certain arithmentical operations on the data collected from the respondent

d. Rasio scale overcomes the deficiency of the arbitrary orgin point of the intercal scale, in that it has an absolute (in contrast to an arbitrary) zero point which is a meaningful meansurement point.

4. How is the interval scale more soplisticated than the nominal and ordinal scales ?

Answer : An inverval scale allows us to perform certain arithmentical operations on the data collected from the respondent. Whereas the nominal scale allows us only to qualitatively distinguish groups by categorizing them into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive sets, and the ordinal scale to rank-order the preferences the scale

5. Why is the ratio scale considered to be the most powerful of the four scales ?

Answer : Because it has a unique zero origin (not an arbitrary origin) and subsumes all the properties of the other three scales.

Nama Kelompok :

1.Anang Hermanto ( 20207098 )

2.Bondan Untoro ( 20207216 )

3.Hendra Hidayat ( 20205573 )

4.Mahensal Ifnu Prabowo ( 20207682 )

5.Mohammad Wisnu Prabowo ( 20207725 )

Kelas : 3 EB 12

Jurusan : SI EKONOMI AKUNTANSI

TUGAS RISET AKUNTANSI BAB 7 ( BUKU UMA SEKARAN)

CHAPTER 7

1. What are the differences between caused and correlational studies ?

Answer : Causal is like as an experimental design, as we know, are set up to exmine possible cause and effect relationship amang variables and correlational studies which examine the relationships among variables without necessarily trying to establish if one variable causes another.

2. In what ways do lab experiments differ from field experiments ?

Answer : Yes, lab experiments done in an artificial or contrived environment and field experiments is those done in the natural environment in which activities regularly take place.

3. Define the terms control and manipulation. Describe a possible lab experiment where you would need to control a variable. Further, include a possible variable over which you would have no control but which could affect your experiment.

Answer : Term control is meant having to control the contaminating factors, and we will later see how this is done manipulation sumply means that we create different levels of the independent variable to assess the impact on the dependent variable.

4. Explain the possible ways in which you can control “nuisance” variables.

Answer : One way of controlling the contaminating or nuisance variables is to match the various groups by taking the confounding characteristics and deliberately spreeding the across groups.

5. What is internal validity and what are the threats to interval validity ?

Answer : Internal validity refers to the confidence place in the cause and effect relationship. The seven major threats to internal validity are the effects of history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, selection, statistical regression and mortality.

6. Expalin the concept of “trade – off between internal validity and external validity”.

Answer : If we want high internal validity, we should be willing to settle for lower external validity and visa versa to ensure both types of validity, researcher usually try first to test the causal relationship in a tightly controlled artificial or lab setting and once the relationship has been established, they try to test the causal relationship in a field experiment.

7. Explain fully how you would demonstrate to machine operators and convince them that thorough knowledge of the operating policies and procedures (by reading the manual) will eliminate amost all on-the-job accidents.

Answer : With the following operational policies and procedures (by reading the manual) are of course very stony in operating the machine, because the instructions it contains will provide important information about the machine. if the machine can be operated by either going to avoid on the job accidents.

8. It a control group is a part of an experimental design, one need not worry about controlling other exogenous variables. Discus this statement

Answer : We do not have to worry about controlling the exogenous variables for the experimental design we can solve those problems.

9. A researcher wants to set up a lab experiment to test the effects of different kinds o

Leadership styies on follower attitudes. The three particular kinds of leadership styles she is interested in testing are autocratic, democratic, and participative. You are asked to enlist some students to play the pat of followers. What cover story would you give he participants ?

Answer : “ Influence of leadership style to the custom of the students attitudes “ . leadership styles that tested or researched is autocratic, democratic and participative .

10. “Because the external validity of lab experiments is not usually high, they are useless for investigating cause and effect relationship in organization.” Comments on this statements.

Answer : External validity of laboratory experiments should be further enhanced in order to examine the causal relationships within an organization.

11. “Covar iance ( i.e.. two variables varying together either positively or negatively) and contro are integral aspects of experimental design.” Discuss.

Answer : Covariance and control are two inseparable aspects of experimental design, in addition there are several other aspects such as Quasi, Pretest and Posttest experimental group design , Posttest Only etc .

12. “The Solomon four-group design is the answer to all our research questions pertaining to cause and effett relations because it guards against all the threats to validity.” Comment on this statement.

Answer : Internal validity may help to find a causal relationship of an event, should be maintained or even enhanced in order to examine a variety of interesting events.

13. Below is not on self – estreem. After reading it, apply what you have learned in this chapter and design a study sketching the theoretical framework.

Answer : We agree with the statement that self-esteem affects success. the intention is to achieve the success required not only education, basic skills and experiences but also honesty. honest manner will make others respect us.

Nama Kelompok :

1.Anang Hermanto ( 20207098 )

2.Bondan Untoro ( 20207216 )

3.Hendra Hidayat ( 20205573 )

4.Mahensal Ifnu Prabowo ( 20207682 )

5.Mohammad Wisnu Prabowo ( 20207725 )

Kelas : 3 EB 12

Jurusan : SI EKONOMI AKUNTANSI

TUGAS RISET AKUNTANSI BAB 6 ( BUKU UMA SEKARAN)

CHAPTER 6

1. What are the basic research design issues? describe them in some detail.

Answer : Disscus the situations in which exploratory, descriptive, hypothesis – testing, and case studies are called for, As may be seen, issues relating to decisions regarding the purpose for the study ( exploratory, descriptive, hypothesis testing ), where the study will be conducated ( i.e , the study setting ), the type of study it should be ( type of investigation ), the extent to which the researcher manipulated and controls the study ( extent of researcher interference), the temporal aspecus of the study ( time horizon ), and the level at which the data will be analyzed ( unit if analysis ), are integral to research design.

2. Why are the basic design issues important to consider before conducting the study and even as early as at the time of formulating the research question?

Answer : Because that the more sophisticated and rigorous the research desion, the greater the time, cost and other resources expondednon the study.

3. Is a field study totally out of the question if one is trying to estabilish cause and effect relationship?

Answer : No, it is field experiments it is studies conducted to establish cause and effect relationships using the same natural environment in which employees normally function, experiments done to establish cause and effect relationship beyond the possibility of the least doubth require the creation of an artificial, contrived environment factors are controlled.

4. “An exploratory study is just as useful as a predictive study”. Discuss this statement.

Answer : Because an exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the situation at hand, or when no information is avaible on how similar problem or research issues have been solved in the past, exploratory studies are important for obtaining a good graso of the phenomena of interest and advancing knowledge through good theory building and hypothesis testing.

5. Why is the unit of analysis an integral part of the research design?

Answer : Because the unit of analysis even as we formulate the research question, since the data collection methods, sampe size, and even the variables included in the framework may sometimes be determined or guided by the level at which data are aggregated for analysis.

6. Discuss the interrelationship among noncontrived setting, the purpose of the study, type of investigation, researcher interference, and time horizon of study.

Answer : This concludes the interference, and time horizon of study. Study, type of investigation, extent of researches interference, study setting, unit of analysis, and the time horizon the researcher would determine the appropriate decisions to be made in the study design based on the problem definition, the research objectives, the exfent of rigor desired, and cost considerations.

Nama Kelompok :

1.Anang Hermanto ( 20207098 )

2.Bondan Untoro ( 20207216 )

3.Hendra Hidayat ( 20205573 )

4.Mahensal Ifnu Prabowo ( 20207682 )

5.Mohammad Wisnu Prabowo ( 20207725 )

Kelas : 3 EB 12

Jurusan : SI EKONOMI AKUNTANSI

TUGAS RISET AKUNTANSI BAB 5 ( BUKU UMA SEKARAN )

CHAPTER 5

1. “Because literature survey is a time consuming exercise, a good ai depth interview should suffice to develop a theoretical framework”. Discuss this statement

Answer : The purpose of the literature survey is to ensure that ni important variable is ignored that has in the past been found to have had an impact on the problem.Interview and literature survey are included in the preliminary Dta Gathering.

2. These is an adventages in stating the hypothesis botch in the null and in the alternate, it adds clarity to our thinking about what we are testing, explain

Answer : The alternate hypothesis, which is the opposite of the null, is a statement expressing a relationship between two variables or indiciting differences between groups to explain in future, in setting up the null hypothesis, we are stating that there is no difference between what we might find in the population characteristics and the sample we are studying

3. It is advantageous to develop a directional hypothesis whenevwr we are sure of the predicted direction. How will you justify this statement ?

Answer : Whenever direction of the relationship is know,it is better to develop directional for reasons that will become clear in our distinction.

4. For the following case “problems at roadway Hospitality”

Answer :

a. Identifity the main problem

Keen on developing a viable strategy to eliminate the brand confusion and make clear the distinction.

b. Develop a Theoretical Framework

- Differentiate among the different types of facilities offered

- Keen on developing a viable strategy to eliminate the brand confusion and make clear the distinction

- Many complained about how old the buildings were and how poorly the facilities were maintained

- Different classification would be important

c. Develop at teast four hypotheses

- The roadway deluxe was meant for business travels, the roadway express was meant for looking for the least accommodation, and the roadway royal

- Many complained about how old the buildings were and how poorly the facilities were maintened

- The quality of services was also rated poor

- Thought that he fisrt needed to understand how the different classifications would be important to the several classes and then he could develop a marketing strategy

Nama Kelompok :

1.Anang Hermanto ( 20207098 )

2.Bondan Untoro ( 20207216 )

3.Hendra Hidayat ( 20205573 )

4.Mahensal Ifnu Prabowo ( 20207682 )

5.Mohammad Wisnu Prabowo ( 20207725 )

Kelas : 3 EB 12

Jurusan : SI EKONOMI AKUNTANSI

TUGAS RISET AKUNTANSI BAB 4 ( BUKU UMA SEKARAN )

CHAPTER 4

1. How would you like describe the Research Process?

Answer : Identification of the broad problem area to be researched, preliminary data gathering trough interviews and literature survey, and problem definition.

2. Explain the preliminary data collection Method

Answer : Unstructured interviews, structured interviews, and library research would help the researcher to define the problem more specifically and envolve atheory, delineating possible variable the problem.

3. Why is it important to gather information on the background of the organization?

Answer : It is important for the researcher or the research team especially if on outside sgency conducts the research to be well acquainted with the background of the company or organization studied.

4. Should a researcher always obtain information on the structural aspects and job charecteristics from interviewd?Give reasons for your answer with examples!

Answer : Yes, I think so because information on company policies, structure, workflow, management philosophy, and the likecan be obtained by asking direct question of the management, example when researcher questions are directed at several managers individualsy, it is quite possible that some of the responses are conflicting and contracidtory.

5. How would you go about doing literature survey in the area of business ethics ?

Answer : The researcher could star the literature survey even as the information from the unstructured and structured interviews is being gathered.

6. What is the purpose of literature survey ?

Answer : The purpose of the literature reviews is to unsure that no important variable is ignored that has in the past been found to have had impact on the problem.

7. Why is appropriate citation important ? What are the consequences of not giving credit to the source from which materials are extracted ?

Answer : It’s very important because the citation is to mention identification about the source materials extracted.

8. “The problem definition stage is perhaps more critical in the research process than the problem solution stage”. Discuss this statement!

Answer : Because the problem definition stage is oritied that the focus for further research, or, in other word, the problem, be unambiguously identified and defined.

9. Why should one get hung up on the problem definition if one already knows the broad problem are to be studied ?

Answer : Because a problem could simply indicate an interest in an issue where finding the right answers might help to improve an existing situation. In either case, ne should know what exactly the issue is for whish one seeks answers.

10. Acces the one line system in your library and (a) generate a list of the references that relate to the performance of general motors, and (b) obtain the abstracts of these studies?

Answer : a. accessing data in the library are very important, because we can get a reference from the book according to what we are going thorough.
b. otherwise we will have the insight and vast knowledge when we will make a research abstract.

11. Access the on line system and obtain a list of references that deal with product image?

Answer : With the access on line, we become easy in finding a variety of reference sources list that will support our research. and also we can get various types of image products from the company.

12. Offer a cleary focused problem statement in the broad area of corporate culture ?

Answer : Every company must certainly have many problems, but with the research that there is a problem in the company can overcome and be given a proper solution

13. After studying and extracting information from all the relevant work done previously, how does the researcher know which particular references, articles, and information should be given promirence in the literature survey?

Answer : After successfully doing research, it must be submitted with the correct data, but it must be clear information, from which the reference and the data obtained.

Nama Kelompok :

1.Anang Hermanto ( 20207098 )

2.Bondan Untoro ( 20207216 )

3.Hendra Hidayat ( 20205573 )

4.Mahensal Ifnu Prabowo ( 20207682 )

5.Mohammad Wisnu Prabowo ( 20207725 )

Kelas : 3 EB 12

Jurusan : SI EKONOMI AKUNTANSI

TUGAS RISET AKUNTANSI BAB 3 ( BUKU UMA SEKARAN )

CHAPTER 3

1.As manager, what kinds of information do you think you will be exploring through the Internet for research ?

Answer : The information from the internet is electronic mail ( e – mail ), conduct research, look at and obtain data and text information, graphics, sound and video and also promote and sell the products on the internet.

2. In what ways are personal computers useful to the organization ?

Answer : Yes because these software programs can be purchased off the shelf from a software retailer as a packaged program, or can be custom designe for the specific and unique needs at organization. Organizational research using analytic techniques like simulation becomes feasible since manager can experiment with several possible outcomes by creating different plausible sceilarios, sitting in front of a PC.

3. How do you think you will aply the concepts of data warehousing and data mining in a company doing retail Business ?

Answer : It is easy to helps research to see how the information technology function through data warehousing and data mining.

4. How does the PC help in information gathering and information dissemination ?

Answer : A file server – a CPU – that provides PC connected to it with the hardware and software resources needed to process data effectively.

5. How can PC technology be misused ?

Answer : Gve some hypothenical instances where could occur. First it is important that the privacy of all individuals is protected. Second, companies also need to ensure that confidential information relating to individual is protected and doesn’t find its way to unscrupulous vendor. Third care should be taken to ensure that incorrect information is not distributed across the many different files of the company.

Nama Kelompok :

1.Anang Hermanto ( 20207098 )

2.Bondan Untoro ( 20207216 )

3.Hendra Hidayat ( 20205573 )

4.Mahensal Ifnu Prabowo ( 20207682 )

5.Mohammad Wisnu Prabowo ( 20207725 )

Kelas : 3 EB 12